{"id":220587,"date":"2026-01-23T16:34:10","date_gmt":"2026-01-23T14:34:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/azbuki.bg\/?p=220587"},"modified":"2026-01-26T10:48:01","modified_gmt":"2026-01-26T08:48:01","slug":"izsledvane-na-stabilnostta-na-razhodomer-tip-irm-3-duo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/azbuki.bg\/en\/uncategorized\/izsledvane-na-stabilnostta-na-razhodomer-tip-irm-3-duo\/","title":{"rendered":"Metrological Examination of Flow Meter Type IRM 3 DUO"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Desislava Koleva,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Marieta Yancheva-Popova,<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Vasil Penchev<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Technical University of Sofia<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Viktor Arsov<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy \u2013 Sofia <\/em><em>(Bulgaria)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/voc25-5-6-07\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/voc25-5-6-07<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong>. This report presents a metrological examination of the stability of a\nrotary flow meter type IRM 3 DUO to prove its metrological traceability and its use\nas a working standard. The examination was carried out in the period between two\nconsecutive calibrations, analyzing the results of the relative error of the flow meter,\nin order to confirm the stability during operation. The study is performed with a test\nbench with reference rotary flow meters, type ITF 2500-1-A.<\/p>\n<p><em>Keywords:<\/em> research; standards; stability; gas flow meter<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Introduction<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0412 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f (\u0411\u0418\u041c) \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430<sup>1<\/sup> \u0441\u044a\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438<sup>2<\/sup> (Syst\u00e8me international d&#8217;unit\u00e9s \u2013 SI).<\/p>\n<p>\u0421\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0434 ISO\/IEC Guide 99:2014 Internacional vocabulary of metrology \u2013 Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM)<sup>5<\/sup> \u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d \u0435 \u043c\u044f\u0440\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0434, \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442, \u0441\u044a\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442, \u0432\u044a\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<sup>3,4<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0418\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u041b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043b\u0443\u0438\u0434\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0441 \u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0430\u0437 \u0441 \u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438, \u0442\u0438\u043f ITF 2500-1-\u0410, \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u0421\u0418.<\/p>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0430\u0437 \u0441\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430. \u0421\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438, \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0443\u043b\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438, \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440. \u041d\u0430\u0439-\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0430: \u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442, \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435\u043d \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0436 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 (Richard, 1996; Roger, 2016).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> \u0415\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0438\u043f IRM 3 DUO<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0417\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0448\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0438\u043f IRM 3 DUO \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0413\u0414\u041c\u0418\u0423-\u0418-604-03-\u0418\u0421\u0418\u0421 (Pandelova, Aleksandrova, Chavdarova, 2017).<\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e: \u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0430\u0437 G 650, \u0442\u0438\u043f IRM 3-DUO, DN150, \u0424\u2116 600609, Qmax = 1000 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/h \u0438 Qmin = 6,5 m<sup>3<\/sup>\/h, \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441 \u2116 01-\u0418\u0421\u0418\u0421\/20.12.2022 \u0433.<\/p>\n<p>\u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434 (m<sup>3<\/sup>\/h) \u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043e\u0442 SI<sup>2<\/sup>, \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0445\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438 SI \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u044a\u043b\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u041d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0418\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 (Radev, 2008; Radev, 2010; Radev, 2013), \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e, \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435.<\/p>\n<p>\u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0448\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 (Vuchkov, 1990). \u0417\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u043e 5 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u044a\u0442, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0430\u0437 \u0441\u044a\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0430\u0437, \u0442\u0438\u043f ITF 2500-1-\u0410 \u2013 \u0413\u0414\u041c\u0418\u0423-\u041c\u041a-702-01-\u0418\u0421\u0418\u0421, \u0438 \u041c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>\u0418\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0422\u0421:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0421\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u044a\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f ITF 2500-1-A \u0435 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0442 0,5 m3\/h \u0434\u043e 2500 m3\/h, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b Inotech GmbH, \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u2013 \u0442\u0438\u043f IRM-A, \u0441\u0435\u0440. \u2116 20521899, G16, DN40, \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u2116 001502\/22.11.2022, \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 INOTECH, \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f;<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 \u0442\u0438\u043f IRM-3-DUO, \u0441\u0435\u0440. \u2116 20521904, G650, \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u2116 001503\/22.11.2022\u0433, \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 INOTECH, \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f;<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 \u0442\u0438\u043f IRM-3-DUO, \u0441\u0435\u0440. \u2116 20521903, G650, \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u2116 001504\/22.11.2022, \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 INOTECH, \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0426\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0445\u0438\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044a\u0440, TESTO 608-H1, \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0424\u2116 41359124, \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u2116 034-\u0422\u0418\/22.02.2021\u0433. \u0438 \u2116 035-\u0422\u0418\/23.02.2021 \u0433.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> \u041a\u043e\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442 En<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442 En \u2264 1 (Liptak, 1995; Jordanov, 2017):<\/p>\n<p>\u043a\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e:<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 \u00a0\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 (\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435);<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430;<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 \u00a0\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 (\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435);<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 \u00a0\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0430\u0437 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u044a\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 1.<\/p>\n<p>\u041d\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u0433. 1 \u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0430\u0437 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<p>\u041d\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u0433. 2 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442 En \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0422\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 1<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"604\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"274\"><strong>\u0422\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"66\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"66\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"66\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"66\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"66\"><strong>En \u2264 1<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"274\">m<sup>3<\/sup>\/h<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">%<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">%<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">%<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">%<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"274\">6,5<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">-0,26<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">-0,27<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,28<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,28<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"274\">10<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,01<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">-0,09<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,28<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,28<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"274\">25<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,37<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,10<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,30<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,29<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,65<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"274\">50<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,50<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,44<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,41<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,29<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"274\">100<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,64<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,53<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,28<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,29<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"274\">300<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,39<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,31<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,28<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,28<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"274\">500<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,08<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">-0,09<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,28<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,29<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,42<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"274\">800<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">-0,44<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">-0,56<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,29<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,28<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">0,30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong> <img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-220631\" src=\"https:\/\/azbuki.bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/screenshot-2026-01-23-162705.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"418\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https:\/\/azbuki.bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/screenshot-2026-01-23-162705.png 418w, https:\/\/azbuki.bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/screenshot-2026-01-23-162705-300x194.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 418px) 100vw, 418px\" \/> <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0424\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430 1.<\/strong> \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0430\u0437 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/p>\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-220632\" src=\"https:\/\/azbuki.bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/screenshot-2026-01-23-162709.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"428\" height=\"265\" srcset=\"https:\/\/azbuki.bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/screenshot-2026-01-23-162709.png 428w, https:\/\/azbuki.bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/screenshot-2026-01-23-162709-300x186.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 428px) 100vw, 428px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0424\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430 2.<\/strong> \u041a\u043e\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442 En \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438<\/p>\n<p>\u041a\u043e\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044a\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442 En, \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442 8-\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0435 \u043f\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044a\u043a \u043e\u0442 1.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong> \u0418\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u041e\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u044a\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>NOTES<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430<\/li>\n<li>\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438.<\/li>\n<li>\u041d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0431\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0420\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f.<\/li>\n<li>EA-4\/02 M:2022-Evaluation of the Uncertainty of Measurement in calibration.<\/li>\n<li>ISO\/IEC Guide 99:2014 Internacional vocabulary of metrology-Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041b\u0418\u0422\u0415\u0420\u0410\u0422\u0423\u0420\u0410<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0412\u0443\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0418. (1990). <em>\u0415\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/em>. \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f: \u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u0423\u0414\u041a 62 \u2013 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u0441 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n<p>\u0419\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0420. (2017), <em>\u0418\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/em>. \u0423\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0432, \u0425. (\u0440\u0435\u0434). (2008). <em>\u041c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u043c 1<\/em><em>.<\/em> \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f: \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0442\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0434. ISBN 978-954-334-077-4.<\/p>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0432, \u0425. (\u0440\u0435\u0434). (2010). <em>\u041c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u043c 2<\/em><em>.<\/em> \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f: \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0442\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0434. ISBN 978-954-334-093-4.<\/p>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0432, \u0425. (\u0440\u0435\u0434). (2013). <em>\u041c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u043c <\/em><em>3.<\/em> \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f: \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0442\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0434. ISBN 978-954-334-094-1.<\/p>\n<p>Ishant, J., Ganesh, B. (2024). Novel Gas Meter Designs with Improved Accuracy, Reliability, and Cost-Effectiveness, <em>Journal of The Institution of Engineers: Series C,<\/em> 647 \u2013 662.<\/p>\n<p>Liptak, B. (editor-in-chief). (1995). <em>Instrument engineers<\/em><em>\u2019<\/em><em> handbook. Process measurement and analysi<\/em>s, ISBN 0-8493-1083-0 (v. 1).<\/p>\n<p>Pandelova, A., Aleksandrova, Ts., Chavdarova, Z. (2017). Calibration of gas flow meter with Test Bench ITF2500-1-A, <em>Metrology and Metrology Assurance<\/em>, 101 \u2013 106,\u00a0 Bulgaria, ISSN 1313-9126.<\/p>\n<p>Richard, W. (1996). <em>Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook, <\/em>McGraw-Hill, ISBN-10: 0070423660.<\/p>\n<p>Roger, C. (2016). <em>Flow Measurement Handbook<\/em>, Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 9781107054141.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ishant, J., Ganesh, B. (2024). Novel Gas Meter Designs with Improved Accuracy, Reliability, and Cost-Effectiveness, <em>Journal of The Institution of Engineers: Series C,<\/em> 647 \u2013 662.<\/p>\n<p>Jordanov, R. (2017). Engineering research. <em>Study notes<\/em>. Sofia.<\/p>\n<p>Pandelova, A., Aleksandrova, Ts., Chavdarova, Z. (2017). Calibration of gas flow meter with Test Bench ITF2500-1-A, <em>Metrology and Metrology Assurance<\/em>, 101 \u2013 106,\u00a0 Bulgaria, ISSN 1313-9126.<\/p>\n<p>Radev, H. (ed.). (2008). <em>Metrology and measurement technology, volume 1<\/em>. Sofia: Softtrade. ISBN 978-954-334-077-4.<\/p>\n<p>Radev, H. (ed.). (2010). <em>Metrology and measurement technology, volume 2.<\/em> Sofia: Softtrade. ISBN 978-954-334-093-4.<\/p>\n<p>Radev, H. (ed.). (2013). <em>Metrology and measurement technology, volume 3.<\/em> Sofia: Softtrade. ISBN 978-954-334-094-1<\/p>\n<p>Liptak, B. (editor-in-chief). (1995). <em>Instrument engineers<\/em><em>\u2019<\/em><em> handbook. Process measurement and analysi<\/em>s, ISBN 0-8493-1083-0 (v. 1).<\/p>\n<p>Richard, W. (1996). <em>Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook, <\/em>McGraw-Hill, ISBN-10: 0070423660.<\/p>\n<p>Roger, C. (2016). <em>Flow Measurement Handbook<\/em>, Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 9781107054141.<\/p>\n<p>Vuchkov, I. (1990). <em>Experimental research and identification. Sofia: Technika.<\/em> UDC 62 \u2013 machines and processes with automatic control.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>STABILITY<\/strong><strong> EXAMINATION OF <\/strong><strong>IRM 3 DUO TYPE FLOW METER<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong>. This report presents a metrological examination of the stability of a rotary flow meter type IRM 3 DUO to prove its metrological traceability and its use as a working standard. The examination was carried out in the period between two consecutive calibrations, analyzing the results of the relative error of the flow meter, in order to confirm the stability during operation. The study is performed with a test bench with reference rotary flow meters, type ITF 2500-1-A.<\/p>\n<p><em>Keywords:<\/em> research; standards; stability; gas flow meter.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Dr. Desislava Koleva<\/strong><strong>, Assist. Prof.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Technical University of Sofia,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Bulgaria<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">E-mail:\u00a0 koleva_ds@tu-sofia.bg<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Dr. <\/strong><strong>Marieta Yancheva-Popova<\/strong>,<strong> Assoc. Prof.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Technical University of Sofia,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Bulgaria<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">E-mail: myancheva@tu-sofia.bg<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Dr. <\/strong><strong>Vasil Penchev<\/strong>,<strong> Assoc. Prof.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Technical University of Sofia,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Bulgaria<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">E-mail: vasil_penchev@tu-sofia.bg<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Dr. Viktor Arsov<\/strong><strong>,<\/strong> <strong>Assist<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong> <strong>Prof.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">UCTM<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">Bulgaria<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">E-mail: v.arsov@uctm.edu<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/azbuki.bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/vocational_education_5-6_desislava-koleva.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">>> Download the article as a PDF file <<<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u042f\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u041f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b \u041f\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u2013 \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f (\u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f) \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0410\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0425\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u2013 \u0421\u043e\u0444\u0438\u044f (\u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/voc25-5-6-07 \u0420\u0435\u0437\u044e\u043c\u0435. \u0412 \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0438\u043f IRM 3 DUO \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d. \u0418\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432 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